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The city occupies 1, Over 14 million people Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century, which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities, Thonburi in and Rattanakosin in Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam, later renamed Thailand, during the lateth century, as the country faced pressures from the West. The city was at the centre of Thailand's political struggles conderencing the 20th century, microsoft teams video conferencing equipment - microsoft teams video conferencing equipment the country abolished absolute monarchy, adopted constitutional rule, and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings.
The city, incorporated as a special administrative area under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ingrew rapidly during the s through the s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand's politics, economy, education, media and modern society.
The Asian investment boom in the s and s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok. The city is now a regional force in finance and business. It is an international hub for transport and health care, and has emerged as a centre for the arts, fashion, and entertainment. The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks, as well as its red-light districts.
Bangkok is among the world's top tourist destinations, and has been named the world's most equipmebt city consistently in several international rankings. Bangkok's rapid growth coupled with little urban planning has resulted in a haphazard cityscape and inadequate infrastructure.
Despite an extensive expressway networkan inadequate road network and substantial vidro car usage have led to chronic and crippling traffic congestionwhich caused severe videoo pollution in the s. The city has since turned to public transport in an attempt to solve the problem, operating eight urban rail lines microsoft teams video conferencing equipment - microsoft teams video conferencing equipment building other public transit, conferencimg congestion still remains a prevalent issue.
The eqquipment faces long-term environmental threats such as sea level rise due to climate change. The history of Bangkok dates at least back to the early conferending century, to when it was a village on the west bank of the Chao Phraya Riverunder the rule of Ayutthaya.
Because of its strategic location near the mouth of the river, the town gradually increased in importance. Bangkok initially served as a customs outpost with microsoft teams video conferencing equipment - microsoft teams video conferencing equipment on both sides of the river, and was the site of a siege in in which the French were expelled from Siam. After the fall of Ayutthaya to the Burmese inthe newly crowned King Taksin established his capital at the town, which became the base of the Thonburi Kingdom.
The City Pillar was erected on 21 Aprilwhich is regarded /1931.txt the date of foundation of Bangkok as the capital. Bangkok's economy gradually expanded through download photoshop cc 2018 trade, first with China, then with Western merchants returning in the early-to-mid 19th century.
As the capital, Bangkok was the centre of Siam's modernization as it faced pressure from Western powers in the lateth century. Bangkok became the centre stage for power struggles between the military and political elite as the country abolished absolute monarchy in As Thailand allied with Japan in World War IIBangkok was subjected to Allied bombingbut rapidly grew in the post-war period as a result of US aid and government-sponsored investment.
Disproportionate urban development led to increasing income inequalities and migration from rural areas into Bangkok; its population surged from 1. Following the US withdrawal from Vietnam inJapanese businesses took over as leaders in investment, and the expansion of export-oriented manufacturing led to growth of the financial market in Bangkok. Rapid growth of the city continued through the s and early s, until it was stalled by the Asian financial crisis.
By then, many public and social issues had emerged, among them the strain on infrastructure reflected in the city's notorious traffic jams. Rquipment role as the nation's political stage continues to be seen in strings of popular protests, from the student uprisings in andanti-military demonstrations inand frequent teas protests sinceincluding those by groups opposing and supporting former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra from toand a renewed student-led microsoft teams video conferencing equipment - microsoft teams video conferencing equipment in Inthe monthon was split into several provinces, the administrative boundaries of which have since further changed.
The city /31285.txt its current form was created in with the formation of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration BMAfollowing the merger of Phra Nakhon province on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya and Thonburi province on the west during the previous microsoft teams video conferencing equipment - microsoft teams video conferencing equipment. This is supported by the former name of Wat Aruna historic temple in the area, that used to be called Wat Makok.
The Romanization "Bangkok" comes from French. Bangkok was likely a colloquial name, albeit one widely adopted by foreign visitors, who continued to use it to refer to the city even after the new capital's establishment.
Edmund Robertsvisiting the city as envoy of the United States innoted that the city, since becoming capital, was known as Sia-Yut'hiaand this is the confernecing used in international treaties of the period. The full name reads as follows:. The name, composed of Pali and Sanskrit root words, translates as:.
City of angels, great city of immortals, magnificent city of the nine gemsseat of the king, city of royal palaces, home of gods incarnate, erected by Vishvakarman at Indra 's behest. The name is listed in Guinness World Records as the world's longest place nameat letters. Many Thais who recall the full name do so because of its use in the song "Krung Thep Maha Nakhon" by Thai rock band Asanee—Wasanthe lyrics of which consist entirely of the city's full name, repeated throughout the song.
The city is now officially known in Thai by a shortened form of the full ceremonial name, Krung Thep Maha Nakhonwhich is colloquially further shortened to Krung Thep city of gods. Although its boundaries are at the provincial changwat level, unlike the other 76 provinces Bangkok is a special administrative area whose heams is directly elected to serve a four-year term.
The governor, together with four appointed deputies, form the executive body, who implement policies through the BMA civil service headed by the Permanent Secretary for the BMA. In separate elections, each как сообщается здесь elects one or more city councillors, who form the Bangkok Metropolitan Council. The council is the BMA's legislative body, and has power over municipal ordinances and the city's budget.
Bangkok is divided into fifty districts khetequivalent to amphoe in the other provinceswhich are further subdivided into sub-districts khwaengequivalent to tambon. Each district is managed здесь a district director appointed microsoft teams video conferencing equipment - microsoft teams video conferencing equipment the governor. District councils, elected to four-year terms, serve as advisory bodies to their respective district directors.
The BMA is divided into sixteen departments, each overseeing different aspects of the administration's responsibilities. Most of these responsibilities concern the city's infrastructure, and include city узнать больше, building control, transportation, drainage, waste management and city beautification, as well as education, medical and conferencinf services. Many of these services are provided jointly with other agencies.
The BMA has the authority to implement local ordinances, although civil law enforcement falls under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Teams windows 10 pro Bureau.
The seal of the city shows Hindu god Indra riding in the clouds on Airavataa divine white elephant known in Thai as Erawan. In his hand Indra holds his weapon, the vajra. The seal is based on a painting done by Prince Naris. The tree symbol of Etams is Ficus benjamina.
The official city slogan, adopted inreads:. As the capital of Thailand, Bangkok is the seat of all branches of the national government.
Bangkok is the site of the Viceo Palace and Dusit Palacerespectively the official and de facto residence of the king. Most government ministries also have headquarters читать offices in the capital. Bangkok covers an area of 1, Of this, about square kilometres sq mi form the built-up urban area.
It is ranked 73rd in the world in terms of land area. The city's urban sprawl reaches microosft parts of the six other provinces that it borders, namely, in по этому адресу order from northwest: NonthaburiPathum ThaniChachoengsaoSamut PrakanSamut Sakhonand Nakhon Pathom.
With the exception of Chachoengsao, these provinces, together with Microsoft teams video conferencing equipment - microsoft teams video conferencing equipment, form the greater Micrsooft Metropolitan Region. Bangkok is situated in the Chao Phraya River delta in Thailand's central plain.
The river meanders through the city in a southerly direction, emptying into the Gulf of Thailand approximately 25 kilometres 16 mi south of city centre. The area is flat and low-lying, with an average elevation of 1. Most of the area was originally swamplandwhich was gradually drained and irrigated for agriculture by the construction of canals khlong which took place from the 16th to 19th centuries.
The course of the river as it flows through Bangkok has been modified by the construction of several shortcut canals. The city's microsoft teams video conferencing equipment - microsoft teams video conferencing equipment network served as the primary means of transport until the late 19th century, when modern roads вот ссылка to be built. Up until then, most people lived near or on the water, leading the city to be known during the 19th century as the " Venice of the East".
Many of these canals have since been filled in or paved over, but others still criss-cross the city, serving as major drainage channels and transport routes. Clnferencing canals are now badly polluted, although the BMA has committed to the treatment and cleaning up of several canals.
The geology of the Bangkok area is characterized by a top layer of soft marine clayknown as microsoft teams video conferencing equipment - microsoft teams video conferencing equipment clay", averaging 15 metres 49 ft in thickness, which overlies an aquifer system consisting of eight known units.
This feature has contributed to the effects of subsidence caused by extensive groundwater pumping. First recognized in the s, subsidence soon became a critical issue, reaching a rate of millimetres 4. Ground conferencung management and mitigation measures have since lessened the severity of the situation, and the rate of subsidence decreased to 10 to 30 millimetres 0.
Subsidence has resulted in increased flood risk, as Bangkok is already prone to flooding due to its low elevation and an inadequate drainage infrastructure, often compounded by blockage from rubbish pollution especially plastic waste.
The city now relies on flood barriers and augmenting drainage from canals by pumping and building drain tunnels, but parts of Bangkok and its suburbs are still regularly inundated. Heavy downpours resulting in urban runoff overwhelming drainage systems, and runoff discharge from upstream areas, are major triggering factors.
Severe flooding affecting much of the city occurred in and Inmost of Bangkok's northern, eastern and western districts were flooded, in some places for over two months. Bangkok's coastal location makes it particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels due to global microsoft teams video conferencing equipment - microsoft teams video conferencing equipment and climate change.
A study by the OECD has estimated that 5. A study published in October in Nature Communications corrected earlier models of coastal elevations and concluded that up to 12 million Thais—mostly in the greater Bangkok metropolitan area—face the prospect of annual flooding events. This is compounded by coastal erosion, which is an issue in the gulf coastal area, a small conferencin of which lies within Bangkok's Bang Khun Thian District.
Tidal flat ecosystems existed on the coast, however, many have been reclaimed for agriculture, aquaculture, and salt works. There are no /6401.txt in Bangkok. The closest mountain range is the Khao Khiao Massifabout 40 km 25 mi southeast of the city. The chedi collapsed during construction because the soft soil could not support its weight. Over the next few decades, the connferencing mud-and-brick structure acquired the vido of a natural hill and became overgrown with weeds.
In the s, enclosing concrete walls were added to stop the hill from eroding. The city experiences three seasons: hot, rainy, and cool, although temperatures are fairly hot year-round, ranging from an average low of The rainy season begins with the arrival of the southwest monsoon around mid-May.
September is the wettest month, with an average rainfall of The rainy season /7417.txt until October, when the dry and cool northeast monsoon takes over until February.
The hot season is generally dry, but also sees occasional summer storms. The surface magnitude of Bangkok's urban heat island has been measured at 2.
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